Depression Essay Example for Free

Depression Essay While similar, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder cause different struggles in individuals who have them. Unipolar depression is characterized only by bouts of depression symptoms, while people with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms in combination with cycles of mania. There are many biological and psychological theories of the causes of unipolar depression, but bipolar disorder has for the most part been studied biologically. Finally, unipolar depression can be treated with medication, therapy, or a combination of both, but bipolar disorder cannot be successfully be treated with psychotherapy alone. Unipolar depression has many possible underlying causes. First, stressful events often occur before an individual experiences unipolar depression. Biological factors include genetics, biochemical factors, brain anatomy, and brain circuits. Upon examination of the family tree of individuals who suffer from unipolar disorder, researchers found that up to 20% of their family struggled with it as well in comparison to 10% of the general population, showing a genetic relationship. Twin studies have shown a 46% incidence of unipolar depression in an identical twin whose sibling suffered from unipolar depression, and only a 20% incidence in fraternal twins, and several genes have been associated with the occurrence of the disorder. The first biochemical factor playing a part in unipolar depression is low activity of the neurotransmitter chemicals norepinephrine and serotonin. Overproduction of the hormone cortisol, normally produced during stressful situations, has also been linked to unipolar depression, along with some tentative theories about chemical deficiencies within neurons. The brain anatomy factors beginning to be seen as influencing unipolar depression are the dysfunction of brain circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25. First of the psychological factors influencing unipolar depression is that influenced by Freud and Abraham: it occurs when relationships leave an individual feeling unsafe and insecure. Next, the dwindling of positive rewards in life may reduce constructive behaviors, causing a circle that may be a factor in unipolar depression. Third, viewing events in negative ways may lead to having this disorder. Finally, gender, cultural, and ethnic background may also play a part in the development of unipolar depression. Much of the research into the causes for bipolar disorder is biological. Low serotonin combined with low norepinephrine is thought to cause unipolar depression, but low serotonin and norepinephrine over activity has been linked to bipolar disorder. Transportation of ions in the brain happening too quickly and slowly is theorized to cause depression and mania, and abnormal brain structures such as a small basal ganglia or cerebellum has been connected to bipolar disorder. Finally, family pedigree and genetic linkage studies have shown a relationship between genetics and a predisposition to developing bipolar disorder. Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are both mood disorders, however individuals suffering from them exhibit different symptoms. Unipolar depression is when an individual only suffers from depression, and they return to a nearly normal mood when it lifts. Symptoms can range from moderate to severe, although the moderate symptoms may still not allow the individual to experience much pleasure. Crying spells often result from unipolar depression because of the feelings of being miserable, empty, and humiliated. Sense of humor reduces and it becomes difficult to experience pleasure, sometimes becoming incapable of experiencing pleasure at all. Unipolar depression can also cause anxiety, anger, and agitation. Motivational symptoms include lack of desire to complete everyday tasks, and a reduced interest in life and desire to commit suicide are common. Depressed people may additionally become less active and productive, stay in bed, speak more slowly, spend more time alone, and hold extremely negative views of themselves. Unipolar depression can cause physical symptoms, the most common being a reduction of appetite and sleep. Those with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms as unipolar depression during their depressive periods, but also experience manic periods bring a whole new set of symptoms. The first symptom of mania is having feelings that are not proportional to the triggering event. Next, manic episodes bring about a need for excitement. Many projects may get started with little of them finished, and there is no awareness of the overwhelming nature of social style. Behavior during a manic episode often involves quick movements, loud speech, and odd behavior such as giving money to strangers or getting involved in dangerous activities. Finally, mania also causes poor judgment and planning, inflated self-esteem, and extreme energy. Biological treatments for unipolar depression include electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, antidepressant drugs, and brain stimulation. ECT delivers volts of electricity through the brain, causing brain seizures that can be therapeutic. MAO inhibitors are an example of antidepressant drugs used to treat unipolar depression; they block the breakdown of norepinephrine, increasing its activity and reducing symptoms. Tricyclics block the neuron reuptake process, increasing neurotransmitter activity, and SSRI’s can increase serotonin and norepinephrine activity. Vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation are all brain stimulation techniques also used to treat unipolar depression. Psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression include various methods of free association, and behavior treatments add pleasurable activities to a client’s life, rewards pleasurable events, and trains clients in social skills. Cognitive treatment is a cognitive-behavioral therapy, using behavioral methods in combination with trying to change negative thinking. Finally, sociocultural treatments include interpersonal therapy, couple therapy, and cultural-sensitive approaches. Treatment for bipolar disorder includes the use of lithium, other mood stabilizers, and adjunctive psychotherapy. Lithium and other mood stabilizers are more effective in treating manic episodes, though they also treat depressive episodes. However, exactly how they work is not fully known. Antidepressants can be used in combination with the mood stabilizers, but there is â€Å"an unfavorable cost/benefit ratio for antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression† when used alone. (S, Rosenquist, Ko, Baldassano, 2004). Psychotherapy is used in addition to mood stabilizing medication to increase the likelihood of their success, but it is rarely effective as a treatment on its own. In conclusion, bipolar disorder is like an extended version of unipolar depression, as those with bipolar disorder experience depressive symptoms in addition to their episodes of manic symptoms. There is not one blanket cause for either disorder; rather each individual case must be evaluated separately and receive its own treatment plan. Unipolar depression has more treatment options because therapy or medication is not always required, but a combination of medication and therapy is usually most successful in treating both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression.

Thomas Hardy Essay -- essays research papers

Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy, written by Trevor Johnson, is the detailed journey through the life of one of England’s greatest writers. This biography describes some of the major details of his life such as his family, his education, and his major works. Thomas Hardy was born in 1840 at the Village of Upper Bochampton. He was the child of a country stonemason. Hardy was the third Thomas of his family. His mother’s maiden name was Jemima Hand and she and her husband led Hardy to have an unusually happy childhood. His early years were a seed-bed to his later creative development. His mother knew what real poverty was when she was young because she lost her father. Hardy said ‘ she read every book she could lay her hands on’ and she grew up to be a woman of ability, judgment, and ‘ an energy that might have carried her to incalculable issues!’ Many thought she was the dominant influence in Hardy’s life but his father was a man of character also. Even though he didn’t ‘ possess the art of enriching himself by business,’ he was a fine craftsman, and a lover of music. Hardy’s family was never poor and he summed up his happy childhood in a tiny lyric: She sat here in her chair, smiling into the fire; He who played stood there, 2 Bowing it higher and higher. Childlike, I danced in a dream; Blessings emblazoned that day; Everything glowed with a gleam; Yet we were looking away! As a young child, Hardy mastered the violin learning over 100 tunes. He also sang in the Stansford Church every Sunday. It seems to be that Hardy and his parents had a good relationship. In 1867 Hardy met Tryphena Sparks who was 16 and a daughter to a family related to his. She was intelligent and made her living as a teacher. She bore a child in 1868 and Hardy fell deeply in love with her. But in 1872 she broke his heart by returning her engagement ring. She then remarried and had two more children before dying in 1890. Tryphena had a great influence on his writing. On March 7, 1870 Hardy took an architectural trip to a church named St. Juliot. He stayed at the rectory and met the rector’s sister-in-law, Emma Lavinia Gifford. She was younger and attractive, and they walked hand in hand through the countryside. They fell half in love and Hardy made many trips back to St. Juliot. In 1874 they were married and proceeded to wander about Europe until they settled in S... ... as the greatest English author of his time. He received an Order of Merit and many doctorates from universities. His achievements stemmed further from writing by receiving two architectural awards. He was even popular enough to get pestered by nosy neighbors. His relationships with other writers were few but important. When he was with Florence Ellen Dugdale, his home was a pilgrimage to young writers like, Edmund Blunden, Robert Graves, T.E. Lawrence,, and Siegfried Sassoon. But perhaps the greatest honor he ever received was when he died. His ashes were scattered in Poet’s Corner in Westminster Abby next to the great Charles Dickens. Thomas Hardy by Trevor Johnson is a well written, thorough, and easy to follow biography. Leaving out only ancestry and condemnation, it provided a lot of information on major topics. This book is a good description of Hardy and it is a good research reference. By reading this and The Mayor of Casterbridge it is easy to tie together Hardy’s life and Michael Henchard’s. It is clear that Hardy knew of lost love and experienced the surrounding hardships. Thomas Hardy is a good writer and by Trevor Johnson’s description, he led a good life.

Mla Sex Education

Sex Education is Necessary in High-School Does sex education encourage sex? According to Benjamin Spock the author of Dr. Spock’s Baby and Child Care, â€Å"Many parents are afraid that talking about sex with their teenagers will be taken as permission for the teen to have sex. Nothing could be further from the truth. If anything, the more children learn about sexuality from talking with their parents and teachers and reading accurate books, the less they feel compelled to find out for themselves. † Before 1910 there is no recollection of the history of sex education.We managed as people to â€Å"replicate† ourselves very well for decades and absolutely nowhere near our level of family disruption. In 1915 the first of anyone who introduced a significant change in all of this was Margaret Sanger [The founder of Planned Parenthood, the largest promoter of sex education and abortion in the U. S. and in the world. ] She wrote, What Every Boy And Girl Should Know. Sex Education should be taught in High-Schools because the research on sex education has shown that the prevention programs have a high affect on behaviors and they help achieve positive health impacts.It has helped reduce the frequency of sex, new number of sex partners, and also the unprotected sex mishaps which are increasing the use of condoms and contraception’s (â€Å"Sex Education†). About every year over 800,000 pregnancies and young adults under the age 25 experience about 9. 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (â€Å"Effective Sex Education†). Criticize that by age 18, 70 percent of U. S. females and about 62% of males have engaged in sexual intercourse.In the program no abstinence-only-until-marriage has shown results that they help teens to be able to delay in engaging in sexual intercourse or to at least protect themselves when they actually do engage in sex (â€Å"Effective Sex Education†). Sex education and HIV/STI prevention prog rams do not increase rates of sexual engagement, and do not lower the age at which youth engages them in sex, and they do not increase the number of sex partners and the frequency of sex among young adults.But do consider that between the 90s and 2004 the U. S teen birthrate fell from 62 to 41 per 1000 female teens. Experts say that 75 percent of the decline is due to increased contraceptives and 25 percent in to being abstinence of sexual intercourse. Others might say contraceptives and abstinence are very equal, but regardless contraceptives have been very critical to reducing the teenage pregnancy (â€Å"Abma et al†).Some might say that parents should teach their teenagers about sexual intercourse or to at least talk to them about it, but some will say that it is easier for someone who actually knows what they are talking about such as a sex education classes to give the reasons of why being abstinence is more important than being sexually active because teenagers tend not to listen to their parents they would rather listen to their peers and the society. Also consider that some teenagers don’t like to be embarrassed especially when talking about their gender based anatomy.But what they don’t know is that classes are gender exclusive, which saves the embarrassment amongst their peers and teaches them only what is necessary for their gender. If taught properly sex education could become a regular course such as the human anatomy and biological science are taught as high school credits that go towards their graduating credits. If students are taught the correct terms of reproductive systems, sexually transmitted diseases and birth contraceptives instead of the â€Å"street lingo† and the appropriate sexual education can have such an impact on preventing the sexual problems in adulthood.As for the Planned Parenthood issue it just â€Å"promotes comprehensive sex education in schools and for school-aged youth as an important way- al ong with parental guidance- to help young people lead sexually healthy and responsible lives†(â€Å"Sex Education in Schools†). Advise that parents and teachers do have doubts about the sexually education but Planned Parenthood just helps assist schools in developing and delivering medically accurate, age-appropriate sex education curriculum, so teens just don’t learn things beyond their age maturity.Although about 13% of U. S. teens have had sex by the age of 15, most of them initiate in sex in their late teen years. By their 19th birthday, 7 in 10 teen men and women have had intercourse (Abma et al). Between the years of 1988 and 2006-2010, the proportion of never-married teens aged 15-17 who had ever engaged in sexual intercourse declined from 37% to 27% among females and from 50% to 28% among males. Conclude that during the same period, among teens aged 8-19, declined from 73% to 63% among females and 77% to 64% among males (Martinez G et al).Experts at the G uttmatcher Institute say 86% of the decline in the teen pregnancy rate between 1995 and 2002 was the result of dramatic improvements in contraceptive use, including increases of teens using a single method of contraception’s and increase of using multiple methods simultaneously and a substantial decline in nonuse. But only 14% of the decline is attributable to the decrease in sexual activity (â€Å"Facts on American Teens’ Sources of Information About Sex†).Public school systems have been implementing sexual education into their classrooms as a regular part of instruction for decades. The controversy are very abundant and when dealing with such delicate issues and there are many pros and cons to the sexual education being taught in the public schools. It seems that most parents are either strongly against or strongly in favor of sexual education classes, but very few parents are in the middle ground. But in fact there are more parents that are actually in favor of sexual education classes.As the result of polls they have estimated that less than 7% of the population does not believe that sexual education should be requirement in schools (â€Å"Pros and Cons†). As of 93% who are actually in favor of the subject matter that are as part of the regular curriculum such as when teens take human anatomy and physiology or biology the classes are very similar to sexual education but as sexual education tends to be more based to the diseases, STD’s. But as the 7% of the parents/teachers that are disagreeing to the class are considering more of the cons aspect than what good it could possibly do.Such as being aware of his or her own family or religious beliefs and values and know their child’s intellect and maturity levels, or the myths surrounding the intercourse can be dispelled (such as not being able to get pregnant the first time) (â€Å"Pros and Cons†). But even when these such classes are available the sexual educat ion are taught as a brief interlude during a physical education or a health class which in reality is not long enough to relate such serious material.Also the teachers are not always trained how to properly teach sexual education courses and may transgress their own beliefs and morals into the subject matter rather than sticking with the facts. But what parents/teachers are ignorant to even just a class of appropriate sexual education can have an impact on preventing sexual problems in adulthood, studies show that many teenagers become sexually active before the inclusion of the educational classes.Early inclusion of classes has proven to help student remain either abstinent or to at least be responsible if they are active (Parker). Conclude that the idea of schools and the state have a responsibility to teach young people about sex is a peculiarly modern one. The rise of sex education to a regular place in the school curriculum in the United States and Western Europe is not, howeve r, simply a story of modern enlightenment breaking through a heritage of repression and ignorance.The movements of sex education can be understood through several related angles: as part of larger struggles in the modern era over who determines the sexual morality of the coming generation; as part of the persistent tendency to view adolescence especially adolescent sexuality (â€Å"Sex Education†). Sex education has always been shaped by its historical context. Much to the distress of sex educators, young people do not simply memorize their school lessons and apply them perfectly.But all in all sexual education to an understanding and despite the educators’ moralistic tone, sex education met immediate opposition. Sexual education has very well statistics being taught in school when relating it to the pregnancies and more teens being aware of the contraceptives and condom use has proven/ shown fewer percentages of sexual activity, and new numbers of sex partners and few er less mishaps of unprotected sex mishaps.

The Emerson Electric Company Free Essay Example, 1250 words

All these helped in the lowering of the production cost of fans for which it was easy penetrating the market with a low price strategy. The accessory packs, which were purchased from vendors in American and Taiwan markets and dispatched to the assembly centers of Air Comfort Products in kits, were referred to as subpack . (Emerson Electric Company ACP Division, 2001, p. 3). The fourth strategic initiative taken by the company revolved around choosing the most effective vendor in terms of cost. The Air Comfort Products division of Emerson Electric Company made a vendor selection in terms of the cost of delivering the accessories from the vendor s end to the Air Comfort Products assembly plants. The estimation of delivery cost encompassed the cost of the products, shipping costs and other insurance and import finances. (Emerson Electric Company ACP Division, 2001, p. 4). B. Organizational Resource. In the first case of strategic leadership shown by Emerson Electric Company the existe nce of money as an organizational resource triggered its way of making huge expenditures in Engineering and Development activities. The firm in order to capture the market started spending heavily on Engineering and Development to produce newer products and develop the existing lines. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emerson Electric Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page It showed the use of knowledge of Core Competence where the skills of several vendor firms from America and Taiwan were used for assembling and manufacture of accessories.